Tecoma

Basic Information

Common Name: Tecoma

Scientific Name: Tecoma

Native Habitat: The Tecoma genus is native to the Americas, Africa, and the Indian subcontinent. Specific species within the genus have varying native habitats ranging from desert scrub to tropical forests.

History / Discovery / Cultivator

The Tecoma genus, belonging to the Bignoniaceae family, has a history deeply intertwined with the regions it inhabits. While pinpointing a single “discoverer” is impossible, the various species have been observed, utilized, and cultivated by indigenous peoples across the Americas, Africa, and Asia for centuries.

The genus name “Tecoma” itself is derived from the Nahuatl (Aztec) word “tecomaxochitl,” which referred to various flowering plants, demonstrating the long-standing recognition and appreciation of these plants by native communities.

In the Americas, species like Tecoma stans (Yellow Bells or Yellow Trumpetbush) have been widely used in traditional medicine. Indigenous groups have employed different parts of the plant for various ailments, including treating digestive issues, diabetes, and skin conditions. The vibrant yellow flowers are also often used in traditional ceremonies and as ornamental plants.

Botanical exploration in the 18th and 19th centuries led to the formal classification and description of Tecoma species by European botanists. These efforts involved collecting specimens, documenting their characteristics, and assigning scientific names, contributing to the broader understanding of plant diversity. Cultivation then spread beyond native lands.

Tecoma capensis (Cape Honeysuckle), native to South Africa, is another well-known species that has gained popularity worldwide. It was likely cultivated initially by indigenous communities in the Cape region and later introduced to other parts of the world through trade and botanical gardens. Its attractive flowers and relatively easy cultivation have made it a favorite in gardens and landscapes across many temperate and subtropical regions.

While no single individual can be credited as the “cultivator,” various nurseries, botanical gardens, and plant enthusiasts have played a significant role in propagating and popularizing Tecoma species. Their efforts have helped make these plants accessible to a wider audience, contributing to their widespread cultivation as ornamental plants. Selection for desirable traits such as flower color, size, and disease resistance has also occurred over time. This process of selective breeding and propagation continues today, with new cultivars and hybrids being developed to meet the demands of gardeners and landscapers.

The geographical origins of the various Tecoma species are diverse, reflecting the widespread distribution of the genus. Tecoma stans is native to the Americas, ranging from the southern United States to Argentina. Tecoma capensis is native to South Africa. Other species are found in regions of Asia and the Indian subcontinent. This geographical diversity has contributed to the genetic diversity within the genus, with different species exhibiting unique characteristics adapted to their specific environments.

Plant Care Summary

Botanical Insights

Adaptations

Tecoma species exhibit various adaptations that allow them to thrive in diverse environments. Tecoma stans, for example, is drought-tolerant, allowing it to survive in arid and semi-arid regions. Its deep root system enables it to access water deep within the soil. The tubular shape of the flowers is adapted for pollination by hummingbirds and butterflies, which are attracted to the bright colors and nectar. Tecoma capensis, with its scrambling growth habit, is well-suited to climbing and spreading over fences and walls. It can also tolerate a wide range of soil conditions. Some species also exhibit adaptations for seed dispersal, such as winged seeds that are carried by the wind.

Propagation Methods

• Stem Cuttings: This is a common and effective method for propagating Tecoma species. Take semi-hardwood cuttings from healthy stems in spring or summer. Remove the lower leaves and dip the cut end in rooting hormone before planting in a well-draining potting mix. Keep the cuttings moist and in a warm, bright location until roots develop.
• Seed: Tecoma can also be propagated from seed, although this method can be slower and less reliable than stem cuttings. Collect seeds from mature seed pods and sow them in a well-draining potting mix. Keep the soil moist and provide warm temperatures for germination.
• Layering: This involves bending a low-growing branch to the ground and covering a portion of it with soil. Once roots develop, the layered branch can be separated from the parent plant.
• Air Layering: Air layering is another method of propagating Tecoma. This is where you wound a section of branch, apply rooting hormone, and then wrap it with moist sphagnum moss and plastic wrap. Once roots have grown into the moss, the rooted section can be cut from the parent plant and potted up.

Toxicology

Tecoma species are generally considered to be mildly toxic. Ingestion of any part of the plant can cause mild gastrointestinal upset in humans, including nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. The sap can also cause skin irritation in some individuals. In pets, ingestion of Tecoma can also cause similar symptoms, such as vomiting, diarrhea, and loss of appetite. Contact with the sap may also cause skin irritation or dermatitis. The severity of the reaction is typically mild, but it is always best to keep Tecoma plants out of reach of children and pets. If ingestion occurs, it is recommended to contact a physician or veterinarian for advice.

Common Problems

Pests:

• Aphids
• Spider mites
• Scale

Diseases:

• Root rot (caused by overwatering)
• Leaf spot
• Powdery mildew

Other:

• Leaf yellowing: Can be caused by nutrient deficiencies (e.g., iron chlorosis) or overwatering.
• Lack of blooming: Insufficient sunlight or improper fertilization can lead to reduced flowering.
• Leggy growth: Insufficient pruning can result in long, sparse stems.

Rarity & Value

Rarity:

While Tecoma stans and Tecoma capensis are widely available, certain cultivars or hybrids with unique flower colors or growth habits may be considered less common. Rarity can also be influenced by factors such as slow propagation rates, limited availability from nurseries, or high demand from collectors. Also, specific variatgations can make Tecoma quite rare, depending on the specific cultivar.

Value:

The value of a Tecoma plant is influenced by factors such as its size, maturity, and overall health. Larger, more established plants typically command higher prices. Unique flower colors, variegation patterns, and desirable growth habits can also increase the value of a specimen. Collector interest and current trends in the plant market can also play a role in determining the value of a Tecoma plant. Provenance also plays a role. Certain cultivars with a documented heritage of award winning or unique plants may bring in a higher value.