Burn Jelly Plant

Basic Information

Common Name: Burn Jelly Plant
Scientific Name: Bulbine natalensis
Native Habitat: Southern Africa (South Africa, Swaziland, Mozambique, Zimbabwe)

History / Discovery / Cultivator

Bulbine natalensis, commonly known as the Burn Jelly Plant or Stalked Bulbine, possesses a history deeply intertwined with the traditional medicinal practices of Southern Africa. Unlike many cultivated plants with a specific discoverer or popularizer credited in Western botanical history, the story of Bulbine natalensis is one of ancient indigenous knowledge and its enduring application.

For centuries, the peoples of Southern Africa, including various Nguni groups, have recognized and utilized the remarkable properties of the gel-like sap contained within the leaves of Bulbine species, particularly B. natalensis. This plant is a staple in traditional African pharmacopoeia, primarily celebrated for its efficacy in treating a wide array of skin conditions. The name “Burn Jelly Plant” itself speaks directly to its most famous use: providing soothing relief and promoting healing for burns, scalds, blisters, insect bites, rashes, and other skin irritations. The gel is typically applied topically by breaking off a succulent leaf and squeezing the clear, mucilaginous sap directly onto the affected area.

Beyond its external applications, Bulbine natalensis has also been traditionally used internally, though less commonly than its external use. Decoctions or infusions of the roots and leaves have been employed to address various ailments, including coughs, colds, digestive issues, and urinary tract infections. While scientific validation of these internal uses is ongoing, the widespread and long-standing reliance on the plant across different cultures in the region underscores its perceived medicinal value.

Botanically, Bulbine natalensis was formally described by English botanist John Gilbert Baker in the 19th century. Baker, a prominent figure at Kew Gardens, described numerous plants from various parts of the world, including many from Africa. His scientific classification placed it within the genus Bulbine, which is part of the Asphodelaceae family (related to Aloe and Daylilies). The genus Bulbine includes many species native to Africa and Australia, many of which also contain similar gel-like sap with medicinal properties.

Cultivation of Bulbine natalensis historically occurred within traditional homesteads and medicinal gardens, ensuring a ready supply for community health needs. In more recent times, its recognition has expanded beyond traditional circles. Interest from the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries has grown due to the plant’s demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and wound-healing properties, attributed to compounds like polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and anthraquinones found in the leaf gel. This has led to some commercial cultivation and inclusion in modern herbal remedies and skincare products. However, it remains more of a regionally significant medicinal plant than a globally popularized ornamental cultivar, though its ease of growth has made it a common succulent in collections worldwide. Its history is less about a single moment of ‘discovery’ and more about the sustained, generations-long accumulation of knowledge about its healing power by the people who lived alongside it.

Plant Care Summary

Botanical Insights

Adaptations

Bulbine natalensis exhibits several key adaptations that enable it to thrive in the often arid or semi-arid conditions of its native Southern African habitat. The most prominent adaptation is its succulent, fleshy leaves, which serve as efficient water storage organs. This allows the plant to survive prolonged periods of drought by drawing upon internal moisture reserves. The plant also develops thick, fleshy roots that likely aid in water and nutrient storage. Its ability to flower prolifically during favorable conditions ensures successful reproduction via seed set, while its clumping growth habit allows it to spread vegetatively through rhizomes or offsets, creating dense colonies that compete effectively and conserve moisture within the clump.

Propagation Methods

Bulbine natalensis is relatively easy to propagate, with the most common and effective method being division. Mature clumps can be carefully dug up and separated into smaller sections, ensuring each section has some roots and leaves. These divisions can then be replanted directly. Leaf cuttings are also possible, though generally less reliable and slower than division. A healthy leaf can be removed and allowed to callus for a few days before being placed on or inserted slightly into well-draining soil; new plantlets will eventually form at the base of the leaf. Propagation from seed is also viable, especially for larger scale cultivation or breeding purposes.

Toxicology

Bulbine natalensis is widely regarded as having very low toxicity. The plant’s primary traditional use is topical application of its gel-like sap for skin ailments, and this external use is considered safe and non-irritating for most people. Major toxicity databases and sources like the ASPCA typically list Bulbine species as non-toxic to dogs and cats. While ingestion of large quantities of any plant material can potentially cause mild gastrointestinal upset in sensitive individuals or pets (such as vomiting or diarrhea), Bulbine natalensis is not known to contain significant levels of toxic compounds that cause severe systemic reactions upon ingestion. Its safety profile, particularly for external use, is one reason for its long history in traditional medicine.

Common Problems

Pests:

• Aphids (especially on flower stalks)
• Mealybugs (less common, often in stressed or indoor conditions)
• Spider Mites (less common, in hot, dry, stressed conditions)

Diseases:

• Root Rot (most common, caused by overwatering and poor drainage)
• Fungal Leaf Spot (less common, can occur in persistent wet/humid conditions)

Other:

• Yellowing Leaves: Often indicates overwatering or poor drainage. Can also be a sign of nutrient deficiency or cold stress.
• Drooping or Wilting Leaves: Can be caused by both severe underwatering or, more commonly, root rot from overwatering. Check soil moisture and root health.
• Lack of Flowering: Typically due to insufficient light. The plant needs bright sun to produce its characteristic flower stalks.
• Leggy Growth: Usually a sign that the plant is not receiving enough light and is stretching towards the light source.

Rarity & Value

Rarity:

Bulbine natalensis is not considered a rare plant, especially within its native range and in regions where succulent cultivation is popular. It is relatively common in botanical gardens, succulent nurseries, and the collections of plant enthusiasts. Its ease of propagation through division contributes to its widespread availability. While specific genetic variations or cultivars might be less common, the standard species is readily accessible.

Value:

The market value of Bulbine natalensis is generally modest compared to many rare or highly sought-after collector succulents. Factors influencing value include:

• Size and Maturity: Larger, well-established clumps are typically more valuable than small divisions or seedlings.
• Health and Condition: A healthy, pest-free, and well-grown specimen commands a better price.
• Provenance/Source: While not a major factor for this common species, plants from reputable nurseries are often priced higher.
• Ornamental Traits: The standard B. natalensis is valued for its medicinal properties and ease of care, but lacks dramatic ornamental features like intense variegation that drive up prices in other succulent categories.
• Regional Availability: Value may vary depending on its commonness in a specific geographic market.