Basic Information
Common Name: Abyssinian Kale
Scientific Name: Crambe abyssinica
Native Habitat: Eastern Africa, particularly Ethiopia.
History / Discovery / Cultivator
Crambe abyssinica, commonly known as Abyssinian kale or Abyssinian mustard, boasts a relatively modern agricultural history compared to many other crops. Its discovery and subsequent cultivation are intertwined with the search for alternative oilseed crops. The plant originates from the highlands of Eastern Africa, primarily Ethiopia, where it has likely existed in a wild or semi-wild state for centuries.
The formal scientific description and classification of Crambe abyssinica are attributed to Richard Thomas Lowe, a British botanist, who likely encountered and documented the species during his explorations. However, the exact date and circumstances of its initial scientific recognition remain somewhat obscure in readily available literature.
The real story of Crambe abyssinica comes into play with its cultivation. In the mid-20th century, researchers began exploring its potential as an industrial oilseed crop. Its high erucic acid content became a key factor in its consideration. Erucic acid is a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid that has limited uses in human consumption but valuable industrial applications. For example, it is important in the production of lubricants, plasticizers, polymers, and corrosion inhibitors.
Several agricultural research institutions, particularly in North America and Europe, played a significant role in developing Crambe abyssinica as a cultivated crop. These organizations focused on breeding programs to improve seed yield, oil content, and other desirable agronomic traits. The University of Idaho and the USDA’s Agricultural Research Service (ARS) were instrumental in these early stages.
The appeal of crambe as a crop stems from several factors. It is relatively drought-tolerant and can grow in marginal soils, making it suitable for regions where other oilseed crops may struggle. It also has a relatively short growing season, allowing for double-cropping in some areas. In addition, it offers a viable alternative to other erucic acid-rich crops like rapeseed (canola), providing diversification and reducing reliance on a single source.
While Crambe abyssinica never achieved the widespread adoption of crops like soybeans or canola, it has carved a niche in specific industrial applications. Its cultivation remains concentrated in regions where its unique oil profile is valued, and research continues to explore new uses for its oil and other byproducts. The cultivation of Crambe abyssinica represents a fascinating example of how a relatively obscure plant from the African highlands was transformed into a valuable industrial resource through scientific investigation and agricultural innovation. It is not typically a houseplant or cultivated for ornamental purposes. It is cultivated almost exclusively as an industrial crop. Therefore, its historical cultivator is effectively the aggregate of agricultural researchers who have developed it as a valuable industrial crop.
Plant Care Summary
| Category | General Requirement | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Light | Full sun | Requires at least 6 hours of direct sunlight daily for optimal growth and oil production. |
| Water | Moderate | Water regularly, especially during dry periods, but avoid waterlogging. |
| Humidity | Low | Tolerant of low humidity conditions. |
| Temp. Range | Cool to moderate | Thrives in temperatures between 15-25°C (59-77°F). |
| Soil Type | Well-draining | Prefers well-drained soils with a pH between 6.0 and 7.5. |
| Fertilizer | Moderate | Apply a balanced fertilizer before planting and side-dress as needed. |
| Toxicity | Generally considered non-toxic | While typically not consumed by humans, it is not considered significantly toxic. Ingestion is unlikely to cause serious harm, but consuming large quantities is not advised. |
Botanical Insights
Adaptations
Crambe abyssinica exhibits several adaptations that contribute to its survival in its native and cultivated environments. Its drought tolerance allows it to withstand periods of limited rainfall, a crucial adaptation for the semi-arid regions where it originates. The plant’s ability to grow in marginal soils also enhances its adaptability, enabling it to thrive in areas where other crops may struggle. Furthermore, its relatively short growing season allows it to be cultivated in regions with shorter growing seasons or as a double crop after other harvests. The high erucic acid content in its seeds serves as a natural defense mechanism against certain pests and diseases.
Propagation Methods
Crambe abyssinica is primarily propagated by seeds. Direct seeding is the most common method, where seeds are sown directly into the prepared field. The seeds germinate readily under favorable conditions, and the plants establish quickly. Seedbed preparation is important to ensure good soil contact and drainage. In some cases, seedlings may be started in nurseries and transplanted to the field, but this is less common. No asexual propagation methods such as cuttings, division, or air layering are generally used or documented.
Toxicology
Crambe abyssinica is generally considered non-toxic to humans and animals in small quantities. The seeds contain glucosinolates, which can be toxic in large amounts but are typically processed to remove or reduce these compounds before use. While accidental ingestion of small amounts of the plant material is unlikely to cause serious harm, it is not recommended for consumption. There are no reports of significant toxicity issues in pets associated with this plant. In any event of suspected poisoning, contacting a medical professional or veterinarian is recommended.
Common Problems
Pests:
- Flea beetles
- Aphids
- Cabbage white butterfly larvae
Diseases:
- Downy mildew
- White mold (Sclerotinia)
- Alternaria leaf spot
Other:
- Poor germination: Caused by poor seed quality or unfavorable soil conditions.
- Low oil yield: Can be due to nutrient deficiencies, water stress, or disease.
- Lodging (falling over): Can occur in windy conditions or when plants are too densely planted.
Rarity & Value
Rarity:
Crambe abyssinica is not generally considered a rare plant in agricultural regions where it is cultivated. However, it is not as widely grown as other major oilseed crops like soybeans or canola. Its cultivation is primarily driven by specific industrial applications for its high erucic acid oil. It is relatively uncommon outside of agricultural research or industrial contexts.
Value:
The value of Crambe abyssinica is primarily determined by the market demand for erucic acid oil. Factors that can influence its value include the oil content and quality of the seeds, the availability of alternative erucic acid sources, and the overall market conditions for industrial oils and lubricants. Government policies and subsidies can also impact the economic viability of Crambe abyssinica cultivation.
