Carmona

Basic Information

Common Name: Carmona

Scientific Name: Carmona

Native Habitat: Southeast Asia

History / Discovery / Cultivator

The Carmona, scientifically classified simply as Carmona, is a genus with only one recognized species, Carmona retusa. Despite its relatively recent formal classification, the plant has a long history of cultivation and use, particularly in East and Southeast Asia. Its popularity as a bonsai specimen and ornamental plant stems from its appealing characteristics: small, glossy leaves, delicate white flowers, and small red berries.

Historically, the Carmona has been cultivated across regions of Southeast Asia and Southern China, often found growing naturally in tropical and subtropical environments. It thrives in areas with warm climates and well-draining soil, often found along coastal regions and in open woodlands. While a specific “discoverer” is not documented, its long-standing use by local populations across these regions indicates an intimate knowledge of the plant’s properties and cultivation techniques.

Its prominence as a bonsai specimen began to gain traction in the 20th century, especially as bonsai practices diffused internationally. The Carmona’s small leaf size, dense branching habit, and tolerance of pruning make it ideally suited to the art. Its popularity among bonsai enthusiasts has led to various training and cultivation methods being refined to encourage specific aesthetic qualities and ensure healthy growth within the confines of a container.

The cultivator is generally the bonsai artist, tending to its daily needs and pruning to maintain its shape. Numerous nurseries specializing in bonsai cultivate and train Carmonas, contributing to the spread of the species worldwide. Over time, bonsai societies and gardening communities have developed detailed guides and best practices for cultivating Carmona bonsai, leading to a standardized approach to care and propagation.

The plant’s name, Carmona, is believed to be of indigenous origin, reflecting its long presence in the local flora. The alternate common name Fukien Tea (or Fukien Tea Tree) reflects one of its key distribution regions, Fujian province in southeastern China. Regardless of the particular name used, it is clear that the plant is deeply interwoven in the horticultural heritage of the region. Its ability to adapt to various climates and growing conditions, combined with its aesthetic appeal, ensures its continued popularity among gardeners and bonsai artists worldwide.

Plant Care Summary

Botanical Insights

Adaptations

Carmona plants have several adaptations that allow them to thrive in their native environments. Their small, thick leaves are adapted to reduce water loss, which is crucial in tropical and subtropical climates that can experience periods of drought. The plant’s ability to produce small, attractive berries attracts birds and other animals, facilitating seed dispersal. As a bonsai specimen, its dense branching habit and tolerance for heavy pruning make it highly adaptable to shaping and training. Its relatively slow growth rate also helps maintain its desired form over extended periods.

Propagation Methods

Carmona can be propagated by several methods, including:

• Stem cuttings: This is the most common method. Take semi-hardwood cuttings in spring or summer, dip the cut end in rooting hormone, and plant them in a well-draining rooting medium.
• Seed: Carmona can be grown from seed, but this is a slower process. Fresh seeds should be sown in a well-draining mix and kept moist until germination.
• Air layering: This method involves wounding a branch, applying rooting hormone, wrapping it in moist sphagnum moss, and covering it with plastic wrap until roots form. The rooted branch can then be severed and planted.

Toxicology

Carmona plants are considered mildly toxic to humans and pets if ingested. The berries and leaves contain compounds that can cause oral irritation, including burning sensations in the mouth and throat. Ingestion can also lead to gastrointestinal upset, such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. While serious complications are rare, it’s best to keep Carmona plants out of reach of children and pets. If ingestion occurs, rinse the mouth thoroughly and seek medical or veterinary advice if symptoms persist.

Common Problems

Pests:

• Spider mites
• Aphids
• Mealybugs

Diseases:

• Root rot (caused by overwatering)
• Leaf spot (fungal or bacterial)

Other:

• Leaf yellowing: Often caused by overwatering, underwatering, nutrient deficiency, or insufficient light.
• Leaf drop: Can be caused by sudden changes in temperature, humidity, or light levels, as well as stress from pests or diseases.
• Stunted growth: May indicate a nutrient deficiency, rootbound condition, or pest infestation.

Rarity & Value

Rarity:

Carmona is not generally considered a rare plant. It’s widely available in nurseries and garden centers, especially in regions with tropical and subtropical climates. However, specifically trained or aesthetically appealing Carmona bonsai specimens can be harder to find. Older, well-established bonsai with unique shapes or desirable characteristics might be more scarce. Additionally, specimens with particularly dense foliage, unique trunk structures, or advanced age can also be considered more uncommon.

Value:

Several factors influence the value of Carmona plants:

• Size and maturity: Larger, older plants, especially those with well-developed trunks and branches, tend to be more valuable.
• Training and shaping (Bonsai): The artistic skill and time invested in shaping a Carmona bonsai significantly impact its price. Intricate designs and well-balanced forms command higher prices.
• Health and condition: A healthy, pest-free plant with vibrant foliage will be more valuable than one showing signs of stress or disease.
• Pot (Bonsai): The quality and aesthetic of the pot its planted in can influence the value of a bonsai specimen. Hand-crafted pots or pots from known makers can add to the value.
• Provenance: If the plant has a known history, a notable previous owner, or has won awards, its value may be higher.