Bignonia

Basic Information

Common Name: Bignonia

Scientific Name: Bignonia

Native Habitat: Southeastern United States, particularly Florida, Georgia, and the Carolinas.

History / Discovery / Cultivator

Bignonia, often referred to as Crossvine, is a genus of flowering plants in the trumpet vine family, Bignoniaceae. The name “Bignonia” itself has a rich history, honoring Jean-Paul Bignon, a prominent librarian of Louis XIV. While the exact details surrounding the initial “discovery” of Bignonia capreolata (the most well-known species) are somewhat obscured by time, its presence in the flora of the southeastern United States was certainly known to indigenous populations long before European exploration and botanical classification.

The botanical classification and formal description are attributed to Carl Linnaeus, the father of modern taxonomy, in the 18th century. Linnaeus’s work laid the foundation for our current understanding of plant species, and his classification of Bignonia helped to place it within the larger botanical world.

Bignonia capreolata likely garnered attention from early American colonists and European botanists due to its showy flowers and vigorous climbing habit. Its distinctive cross-shaped pattern visible when the stem is cut is another factor in its history, contributing to its common name, Crossvine.

The cultivation and popularization of Bignonia as an ornamental vine likely began in the 18th and 19th centuries as European gardens increasingly featured plants from around the globe. The plant’s adaptability to various soil types and its tolerance of some shade, combined with its striking visual appeal, made it a desirable addition to gardens and landscapes.

Over time, various cultivars of Bignonia capreolata have been developed, emphasizing different flower colors and growth habits. These cultivars have further contributed to the plant’s popularity and widespread use in horticulture. Some notable cultivars include ‘Tangerine Beauty’ and ‘Atrosanguinea’, prized for their vibrant orange and deep red flowers, respectively.

Today, Bignonia continues to be valued for its ornamental qualities and its ability to attract pollinators, such as hummingbirds and butterflies. Its historical significance, combined with its horticultural appeal, ensures its place in gardens and landscapes for generations to come. Furthermore, its role in supporting local ecosystems contributes to its enduring value as a native plant species in the southeastern United States. The plant’s ability to thrive in both sunny and partially shaded locations has made it a favourite among gardeners looking for low-maintenance, visually striking vines to add to their properties. The development and availability of different cultivars have only expanded its appeal to a broader audience, reinforcing the plant’s position as a widely cultivated and admired species.

Plant Care Summary

Botanical Insights

Adaptations

Bignonia’s most notable adaptation is its use of tendrils for climbing. These tendrils, modified leaves, allow the vine to attach to surfaces, enabling it to reach for sunlight in forested environments. It’s also tolerant of a range of light conditions, from full sun to partial shade. It demonstrates vigorous growth and is adaptive to different soil types. The tubular shape of its flowers is also an adaptation for attracting hummingbirds, its primary pollinator.

Propagation Methods

Bignonia can be effectively propagated through several methods:

• Stem Cuttings: This is the most common method. Take semi-hardwood cuttings in late spring or early summer, dip them in rooting hormone, and plant them in well-draining soil. Keep the soil moist until roots develop.
• Layering: Bend a low-growing stem to the ground, partially bury it, and secure it with a rock or clip. Once roots develop, sever the new plant from the parent.
• Seed: Although slower and less reliable, seeds can be collected from mature seed pods and sown in spring. Scarification may improve germination rates.

Toxicology

Bignonia capreolata is generally considered non-toxic to humans and pets. Ingestion is unlikely to cause any significant harm. However, it’s always advisable to prevent pets and children from consuming any plant material, as even non-toxic plants can cause mild gastrointestinal upset in some individuals. While no severe reactions are expected, monitor for any signs of discomfort and contact a veterinarian or medical professional if you have any concerns.

Common Problems

Pests:

• Aphids
• Spider Mites
• Scale

Diseases:

• Leaf Spot
• Powdery Mildew
• Root Rot (in poorly drained soil)

Other:

• Poor flowering: Insufficient sunlight, over-fertilizing (excessive nitrogen)
• Yellowing leaves: Overwatering, nutrient deficiency (especially iron), poor drainage.
• Lack of vigor: Incorrect soil pH, insufficient watering, root bound in pot if applicable

Rarity & Value

Rarity:

While Bignonia capreolata itself is not particularly rare in its native range, certain cultivars, especially those with unique flower colors or variegated foliage, may be less commonly available and therefore considered somewhat rare. Plants with exceptional blooming habits can be more difficult to propagate reliably, thus impacting their availability.

Value:

The value of a Bignonia specimen is influenced by several factors:

• Cultivar: Named cultivars, particularly those with desirable flower colors (e.g., deep reds or unusual bi-colors), command higher prices.
• Size and Maturity: Larger, well-established plants with multiple stems and a history of prolific flowering are generally more valuable.
• Health and Vigor: A healthy, actively growing plant free from pests and diseases is always more valuable than a stressed or ailing one.
• Demand: The demand for native plants and pollinator-friendly species can increase the value of Bignonia in certain regions.
• Provenance: If the plant originates from a reputable nursery specializing in native or rare plants, that can also add to its perceived value.