Tower of Jewels
Basic Information
Common Name: Tower of Jewels
Scientific Name: Echium pininana
Native Habitat: Canary Islands (La Palma)
History / Discovery / Cultivator
Echium pininana, commonly known as the Tower of Jewels, is a striking monocarpic plant native to the island of La Palma in the Canary Islands. Its discovery is intertwined with the history of botanical exploration of the archipelago, a region renowned for its unique flora. While the exact date of its initial discovery is difficult to pinpoint, the Canary Islands were heavily explored by European botanists throughout the 18th and 19th centuries. These early explorations aimed to document the rich biodiversity found on these volcanic islands.
The genus Echium itself has a long history, dating back to ancient times. The name is derived from the Greek word “echis,” meaning viper, possibly referring to the shape of the seeds or the plant’s perceived medicinal properties related to snakebites. However, the specific species Echium pininana received more focused attention later.
The Tower of Jewels, with its majestic, towering inflorescence, quickly captured the attention of horticulturalists. Its dramatic appearance and the relative ease with which it could be grown in suitable climates led to its spread beyond its native islands. Cultivation likely started in botanical gardens and private collections, where the plant’s impressive stature made it a valuable specimen.
Early adopters of Echium pininana cultivation were often located in regions with mild, maritime climates similar to that of the Canary Islands, such as parts of the British Isles, New Zealand, and coastal California. These regions provided the necessary conditions for the plant to thrive, including well-drained soil and protection from harsh frosts.
While there isn’t a single individual credited with “cultivating” or “popularizing” Echium pininana, its appeal stemmed from its own inherent qualities. The plant’s visual impact and relatively straightforward cultivation requirements in appropriate climates organically fueled its spread among gardeners and plant enthusiasts. Gardeners shared seeds and propagated the plant, leading to its natural dispersal.
Today, Echium pininana is grown in many temperate regions around the world and has even naturalized in some areas. Its story highlights the impact of botanical exploration, the appeal of unique and dramatic plants, and the role of gardeners and enthusiasts in spreading plants globally. It’s a testament to the power of a plant’s intrinsic beauty to capture the imagination and find a place in gardens far from its origins. Its continued popularity ensures that this botanical giant remains a captivating feature in landscapes and collections worldwide.
Plant Care Summary
| Category | General Requirement | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Light | Full sun | Requires at least 6 hours of direct sunlight daily for optimal growth and flowering. Insufficient light can result in leggy growth and reduced flowering. |
| Water | Moderate | Water regularly during the growing season, allowing the soil to dry slightly between waterings. Reduce watering during the winter months. Well-draining soil is crucial to prevent root rot. |
| Humidity | Low | Tolerant of average humidity levels. High humidity can promote fungal diseases. |
| Temp. Range | Mild | Thrives in mild, temperate climates. Can tolerate light frosts, but prolonged exposure to freezing temperatures can damage or kill the plant. Ideal temperature range is 50-70°F (10-21°C). |
| Soil Type | Well-draining | Prefers well-draining, slightly acidic to neutral soil. Sandy or loamy soils are suitable. Avoid heavy clay soils that retain too much moisture. |
| Fertilizer | Low | Generally doesn’t require heavy fertilization. A light feeding with a balanced fertilizer in the spring can promote growth. Avoid over-fertilizing, as this can lead to excessive foliage growth at the expense of flowering. |
| Toxicity | Mildly toxic | Contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids which can cause liver damage if ingested in large quantities. Sap can cause skin irritation in sensitive individuals. Wear gloves when handling. |
Botanical Insights
Adaptations
Echium pininana exhibits several interesting adaptations that contribute to its survival. Its monocarpic nature, meaning it flowers once and then dies, is a key adaptation. This allows the plant to invest all its energy into producing a massive, seed-laden flower spike, ensuring successful reproduction. The plant’s height, reaching up to 12 feet, allows it to outcompete other plants for sunlight in its native habitat. Its leaves are covered in fine hairs, which help to reduce water loss in the dry Canary Islands climate. The deep taproot enables it to access water sources deep in the soil. Finally, the Tower of Jewels produces a vast amount of seeds, ensuring some will find suitable conditions for germination and growth, even with high rates of mortality.
Propagation Methods
Echium pininana is primarily propagated by seed. Seeds should be sown in well-draining compost in spring. Germination can be erratic, so it’s recommended to sow more seeds than plants required. Seedlings should be grown on in individual pots until they are large enough to plant out in their final positions. Stem cuttings are not typically used for propagation as the plant is monocarpic and dies after flowering. Division is not applicable to this species.
Toxicology
Echium pininana contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which are toxic compounds that can cause liver damage if ingested in significant amounts. The highest concentration of these alkaloids is found in the seeds. While the plant is not considered highly toxic, it’s still important to exercise caution. Ingestion of plant parts can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea in humans. Skin contact with the sap can cause dermatitis in sensitive individuals, leading to redness, itching, and blistering. For pets, particularly cats and dogs, ingestion can result in similar symptoms as in humans, along with lethargy and loss of appetite. It’s advisable to keep this plant out of reach of children and pets and to wear gloves when handling it. If ingestion occurs, seek veterinary or medical advice.
Common Problems
Pests:
- Aphids
- Spider mites
- Snails and slugs
Diseases:
- Root rot (due to poor drainage)
- Powdery mildew
- Botrytis (grey mold)
Other:
- Leaf yellowing (due to nutrient deficiency or overwatering)
- Stem rot (due to overly wet conditions, especially during winter)
- Wind damage (due to the plant’s height and susceptibility to strong winds)
Rarity & Value
Rarity:
While not globally rare, Echium pininana can be considered relatively uncommon in cultivation compared to more mainstream garden plants. Its rarity stems from several factors. Firstly, it’s a monocarpic plant, meaning it dies after flowering, which can be a deterrent for some gardeners. Secondly, it requires specific growing conditions to thrive, namely a mild climate and well-drained soil, limiting its suitability for many regions. Thirdly, while it self-seeds readily, the resulting seedlings may not always appear exactly where desired, requiring some management. Finally, its dramatic size can make it unsuitable for smaller gardens.
Value:
The value of an Echium pininana specimen is generally not exceptionally high, but several factors can influence its price. Mature plants that are close to flowering or already in bloom command a higher price due to their immediate visual impact. Larger specimens, particularly those with exceptionally tall or well-formed flower spikes, are also more valuable. Plants grown in attractive containers or with high-quality horticultural care can also fetch a premium. Generally, younger plants and seedlings are inexpensive and readily available. The plant’s overall health and vigor are crucial factors in determining its value.
