Pulmonaria

Basic Information

Common Name: Pulmonaria

Scientific Name: Pulmonaria

Native Habitat: Europe, Western Asia

History / Discovery / Cultivator

Pulmonaria, also known as lungwort, has a rich history steeped in both traditional medicine and ornamental horticulture. The genus name “Pulmonaria” is derived from the Latin “pulmo,” meaning lung, referring to the spotted leaves that were thought to resemble diseased lungs, leading to its use in treating pulmonary ailments in the Doctrine of Signatures, a medieval philosophical belief where a plant’s appearance was thought to indicate its medicinal properties. While its medicinal efficacy for lung conditions has not been scientifically proven, Pulmonaria remains a fascinating example of how historical beliefs shaped plant use.

The plant’s use predates formal botanical classification. It has been recognized across Europe for centuries, with various local names reflecting its perceived healing properties or visual characteristics. Carl Linnaeus officially classified the genus in the 18th century, solidifying its place in botanical nomenclature.

While precise records of early cultivation are scarce, Pulmonaria’s attractive foliage and early spring blooms have likely led to its cultivation in gardens for centuries. The plant’s adaptability to woodland conditions and its relatively low maintenance requirements made it a desirable addition to shaded garden spaces.

In the 20th and 21st centuries, plant breeders have focused on developing new Pulmonaria cultivars with improved foliage patterns, flower colors, and disease resistance. These efforts have resulted in a wide range of commercially available cultivars, popularizing Pulmonaria as a versatile and appealing ground cover and border plant. Some notable cultivators and nurseries have focused on selecting and propagating superior forms, leading to increased awareness and availability of diverse varieties. The plant’s easy propagation via division also contributed to its spread in gardens and nurseries. Modern breeding programs emphasize desirable traits such as silvered leaves, compact growth habit, and resistance to powdery mildew, further enhancing Pulmonaria’s appeal to gardeners worldwide.

The geographical origins of Pulmonaria lie primarily in Europe and Western Asia, with various species adapted to different regional environments. These plants thrive in moist, shaded woodlands, often found growing beneath deciduous trees. This preference for dappled sunlight and rich, well-drained soil has influenced its cultivation practices in gardens, where similar conditions are often replicated to ensure optimal growth.

Plant Care Summary

Botanical Insights

Adaptations

Pulmonaria exhibits several key adaptations that enable it to thrive in its native woodland environment. Its hairy leaves help to reduce water loss through transpiration, allowing it to tolerate drier periods. The plant’s early spring blooming period allows it to take advantage of the ample sunlight available before the deciduous trees fully leaf out. The characteristic spotted leaves, believed to have inspired its medicinal use, may also serve as camouflage, helping to protect it from herbivores. Furthermore, Pulmonaria’s ability to spread through rhizomes allows it to colonize suitable habitats effectively. Some cultivars exhibit resistance to powdery mildew, a common fungal disease, demonstrating an adaptation developed through breeding programs. The unique color-changing flowers, starting pink and fading to blue, attract pollinators at different stages of development.

Propagation Methods

Pulmonaria is relatively easy to propagate using several methods. Division is the most common and straightforward approach. Mature plants can be carefully dug up in early spring or fall and divided into smaller clumps, each with healthy roots and foliage. These divisions can then be replanted in prepared soil. Root cuttings are also possible. Take root cuttings in late fall or early winter. Stem cuttings can be rooted, though this method is less reliable. Sow seeds in the spring. Germination can be sporadic, so be patient.

Toxicology

Pulmonaria is considered to have low toxicity to both humans and pets. If ingested, it may cause mild oral irritation or stomach upset. Symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea, but severe reactions are uncommon. The plant contains compounds that can irritate the digestive system in sensitive individuals. It is generally advisable to keep plants out of reach of young children and pets who are prone to chewing on foliage. If ingestion is suspected, monitor for any adverse reactions and contact a veterinarian or medical professional if symptoms are severe or persistent.

Common Problems

Pests:

• Slugs
• Snails
• Aphids

Diseases:

• Powdery Mildew
• Leaf Spot

Other:

• Leaf Scorch: Caused by excessive sun exposure or drought stress.
• Root Rot: Caused by poorly draining soil or overwatering.
• Color Fading: Flower color intensity decreases in hotter conditions.

Rarity & Value

Rarity:

While the common species of Pulmonaria are not considered rare, certain cultivars, particularly those with unique variegation patterns or exceptional flower colors, can be relatively hard to find. Some cultivars are slow to propagate, which limits their availability. Additionally, newer introductions and breeder selections may have limited distribution initially, increasing their desirability among collectors. The presence of stable variegation, which can be challenging to maintain through propagation, also contributes to rarity.

Value:

The value of Pulmonaria specimens is primarily influenced by the cultivar, size, and overall health of the plant. Cultivars with striking foliage patterns, such as heavy silvering or contrasting spots, typically command higher prices. Larger, more mature plants are also more valuable than smaller, younger ones. The overall health and vigor of the plant, including the absence of pests or diseases, are crucial factors. Plants with exceptional flower color or unusual characteristics, like double blooms, can also fetch higher prices among collectors. Current trends in garden design and the popularity of specific cultivars can also impact demand and value.