Heliotrope

Basic Information

Common Name: Heliotrope

Scientific Name: Heliotropium arborescens

Native Habitat: Peru

History / Discovery / Cultivator

Heliotrope, scientifically known as Heliotropium arborescens, boasts a rich history intertwined with mythology, perfumery, and Victorian gardens. The name “Heliotrope” itself derives from the Greek words “helios” (sun) and “tropos” (turn), referencing the ancient belief that the plant’s flowers turned to follow the sun’s movement across the sky. While this isn’t entirely accurate – the flowers tend to face generally towards the sun, but not in a dramatically tracking manner – the association stuck, lending the plant an air of romance and mystery.

The plant’s origins lie in Peru, South America, where it grows as a shrub or small tree. It was likely introduced to Europe in the 18th century, though precise records are scant. What is known is that the plant quickly gained popularity amongst horticultural enthusiasts for its intensely fragrant flowers and relatively easy cultivation in temperate climates.

During the Victorian era, Heliotrope reached the zenith of its popularity. Its sweet, vanilla-like fragrance made it a favorite for use in perfumes and potpourris. The scent was so highly prized that it was often referred to as “cherry pie” due to its similar aroma. Victorian gardeners valued Heliotrope for its aesthetic appeal as well, often featuring it prominently in bedding schemes and container arrangements. Its dark green foliage and clusters of purple, blue, or white flowers provided a striking contrast to other popular bedding plants of the time.

The rise of Heliotrope coincided with the Victorian obsession with the “language of flowers,” where specific blooms were assigned symbolic meanings. Heliotrope symbolized devotion, faithfulness, and eternal love, further enhancing its appeal to sentimental Victorians. Gifting a Heliotrope was a way to express deep affection and loyalty.

While the specific individuals who cultivated or popularized Heliotrope in the early days are difficult to pinpoint with certainty, prominent botanists and horticulturalists of the time undoubtedly played a role. Nurseries and seed companies actively promoted the plant through catalogs and advertisements, making it accessible to a wider audience.

Over time, Heliotrope has remained a beloved garden plant, albeit somewhat less ubiquitous than in its Victorian heyday. Modern cultivars have been developed to enhance various characteristics, such as flower color, fragrance intensity, and disease resistance. Despite changes in horticultural trends, Heliotrope continues to captivate gardeners with its alluring fragrance and historical significance. It serves as a fragrant reminder of a bygone era, a testament to the enduring power of scent and symbolism in the world of plants. Its journey from the slopes of Peru to the gardens of Victorian England, and eventually to homes and gardens worldwide, demonstrates the remarkable adaptability and enduring appeal of Heliotropium arborescens.

Plant Care Summary

Botanical Insights

Adaptations

Heliotrope has developed several adaptations that contribute to its survival and success. Its strong fragrance serves not only to attract pollinators like butterflies and bees but may also play a role in deterring certain herbivores. The plant’s relatively small, clustered flowers allow for efficient pollination by a variety of insects. Its preference for well-draining soil is an adaptation to its native habitat, where rainfall can be abundant, and waterlogged conditions could lead to root rot. The branching growth habit allows for maximizing sunlight capture, while the slightly hairy leaves may help reduce water loss through transpiration.

Propagation Methods

Heliotrope is most commonly propagated through stem cuttings. Softwood cuttings taken in spring or early summer root relatively easily in a moist, well-draining potting mix. Seed propagation is also possible, but the seeds can be slow and erratic to germinate. Cuttings generally provide faster and more reliable results, especially for maintaining specific cultivars.

Toxicology

Heliotrope contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which can be toxic to humans and animals if ingested in significant quantities. The concentration of these alkaloids is generally low, so casual contact or accidental ingestion of a small amount is unlikely to cause serious harm. However, repeated or large-scale ingestion can lead to liver damage. Symptoms of pyrrolizidine alkaloid poisoning may include abdominal pain, vomiting, and jaundice. Pets, such as cats and dogs, should be prevented from consuming Heliotrope. If ingestion is suspected, consult a veterinarian or medical professional immediately.

Common Problems

Pests:

• Spider mites
• Aphids
• Whiteflies

Diseases:

• Root rot (due to overwatering)
• Powdery mildew (in humid conditions)
• Leaf spot

Other:

• Leaf yellowing: Often caused by nutrient deficiencies (especially iron) or overwatering.
• Leggy growth: Can occur if the plant doesn’t receive enough sunlight.
• Lack of flowering: May be due to insufficient light, over-fertilization with nitrogen, or improper watering.

Rarity & Value

Rarity:

While not exceptionally rare, certain cultivars of Heliotrope with unique flower colors or enhanced fragrance may be less readily available than the standard varieties. The difficulty of seed propagation and the reliance on cuttings for maintaining specific traits can also contribute to the limited availability of some cultivars. Additionally, specific variegated forms, if they exist, would also be considered rarer.

Value:

The value of a Heliotrope plant is typically determined by its size, health, and the desirability of its flower color and fragrance. Larger, more mature plants with abundant blooms generally command higher prices. Healthy foliage, a strong fragrance, and a well-established root system are also important factors. Unique or unusual flower colors can also increase the plant’s value. Current collector trends and the overall demand for Heliotrope can also influence its market price.