Stock

Basic Information

Common Name: Stock

Scientific Name: Matthiola incana

Native Habitat: Mediterranean region

History / Discovery / Cultivator

Matthiola incana, commonly known as stock, is a flowering plant belonging to the Brassicaceae family, which also includes familiar vegetables like cabbage, broccoli, and mustard. Its history is interwoven with the gardens and horticulture of Europe for centuries.

The exact origins of the discovery of Matthiola incana are somewhat obscure, but it’s widely believed that the plant has been cultivated since at least the 16th century. It’s native to the Mediterranean region, particularly the coastal areas of southern Europe and North Africa. The species name “incana” refers to the grayish-white, downy hairs that cover the leaves and stems, giving the plant a somewhat frosted appearance.

Stock quickly gained popularity in European gardens due to its fragrant flowers and diverse range of colors, from white and cream to pink, purple, red, and yellow. Double-flowered varieties, with their densely packed petals, were particularly prized. These doubles, though sterile and unable to produce seed, were carefully propagated by cuttings or other vegetative methods to maintain their desirable traits.

Gardeners and botanists across Europe played a role in popularizing the plant. Herbalists often included stock in their medicinal gardens, although its primary use was more ornamental than therapeutic. Over time, stock became a common feature in cottage gardens and formal flowerbeds alike. Different cultivars were developed to suit various climates and aesthetic preferences. Some were bred for early flowering, while others were selected for their compact growth habit or exceptionally vibrant flower colors.

The rise of formal floriculture in the 18th and 19th centuries further cemented stock’s place in the horticultural world. Nurserymen actively bred and selected new varieties, introducing them to the public through seed catalogs and horticultural exhibitions. Stock became a popular choice for cut flowers, valued for their long vase life and intense fragrance. They were commonly included in bouquets and floral arrangements for special occasions.

The plant’s rich history can be seen through art and literature of the time. The beauty and fragrance of Matthiola incana have inspired writers and artists throughout the ages. The plant appears in numerous floral still lifes and garden scenes, reflecting its cultural significance and widespread appeal.

Today, stock remains a beloved garden flower, appreciated for its beauty, fragrance, and ease of cultivation. Numerous cultivars are available, ranging from dwarf varieties suitable for containers to tall, stately plants ideal for borders. Its enduring popularity is a testament to its long and fascinating history, a story shaped by the efforts of countless gardeners and plant breeders who have cherished and cultivated this charming flower for centuries.

Plant Care Summary

Botanical Insights

Adaptations

Stock has several interesting adaptations that contribute to its survival and popularity as a garden plant. Its fragrant flowers attract pollinators like bees and butterflies, ensuring successful reproduction. The grayish-white hairs on its leaves and stems (incana = greyish) help to reduce water loss by reflecting sunlight and reducing air movement across the leaf surface, an adaptation to its Mediterranean origins. Its ability to tolerate relatively cool temperatures allows it to flower in early spring or late fall, extending its bloom season. Selective breeding has also led to variations in height and bloom time, adapting the plant to many garden settings.

Propagation Methods

Stock is typically propagated by seeds. Start seeds indoors 6-8 weeks before the last expected frost or directly sow seeds outdoors after the danger of frost has passed. For double-flowered varieties, which do not produce seeds, propagation is done through cuttings. Take stem cuttings in spring or summer and root them in a well-draining medium. The stock can also be propagated by division.

Toxicology

Stock (Matthiola incana) is generally considered non-toxic to humans and pets. Ingestion is unlikely to cause any significant adverse effects. However, as with any plant material, it is best to avoid consuming large quantities. Some individuals may experience mild gastrointestinal upset after ingestion, but this is rare. There are no known reports of serious toxicity associated with this plant.

Common Problems

Pests:

• Aphids
• Cabbage White Butterfly Caterpillars
• Slugs/Snails

Diseases:

• Root Rot (due to overwatering)
• Downy Mildew
• White Rust

Other:

• Yellowing leaves: Usually indicates overwatering, nutrient deficiency, or poor drainage.
• Leggy growth: Caused by insufficient light; the plant stretches towards the light source.
• Lack of flowering: Could be due to insufficient sunlight, overly rich soil (too much nitrogen), or temperatures that are too high.

Rarity & Value

Rarity:

Single-flowered stock is not considered rare, being easily propagated from seed. However, specific cultivars, especially those with unique color combinations, unusual flower forms (fully double flowers), or disease resistance, may be more difficult to find and can be considered less common, though rarely truly “rare”. Older heirloom varieties that are not commercially popular anymore could also be difficult to source.

Value:

The value of stock plants is typically influenced by several factors. Size and maturity play a role, with larger, well-established plants fetching a higher price. The flower color and form are also important, with unusual or particularly attractive varieties being more desirable. The health and vigor of the plant, as well as the presence of any pests or diseases, will also impact its value. Plants grown organically or those with documented provenance may also command a premium. Current consumer preference for fragrance and vintage-looking flowers, can elevate value.