Anubias

Basic Information

Common Name: Anubias

Scientific Name: Anubias

Native Habitat: Tropical western and central Africa

History / Discovery / Cultivator

Anubias are a genus of aquatic and semi-aquatic flowering plants belonging to the Araceae family, commonly known as aroids. Native to tropical regions of western and central Africa, these plants thrive in rivers, streams, and swamps. Their discovery and subsequent introduction to the aquarium hobby are intertwined with European exploration and botanical interest in the region. While a precise “discovery date” is difficult to pinpoint for the genus as a whole, its various species were described and classified by botanists throughout the 19th and 20th centuries.

The genus Anubias was named by Heinrich Wilhelm Schott in 1857. Schott, an Austrian botanist, served as director of the Imperial Botanic Garden in Vienna. He dedicated much of his career to studying the Araceae family and named the genus after Anubis, the Greek name for a jackal-headed god associated with the afterlife in ancient Egyptian mythology. This symbolic naming likely refers to the fact that many Anubias species are found growing along rivers and streams, in dark, shaded conditions akin to the underworld.

Early explorers and botanists collected plant specimens from Africa and brought them back to Europe for study. As aquariums became more popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, certain species of Anubias were recognized for their hardiness and suitability for underwater cultivation. Their ability to tolerate low light conditions and attach to rocks and driftwood made them ideal additions to aquascaped tanks.

Although specific individuals who “cultivated” or “popularized” Anubias are not as widely recognized as in some other plant groups, several factors contributed to their increased popularity. Commercial nurseries and aquarium plant suppliers played a crucial role in propagating and distributing Anubias species, making them more readily available to hobbyists. The development of modern aquarium technology, such as efficient lighting systems and CO2 supplementation, also helped to create favorable conditions for Anubias growth. In addition, the rise of the aquascaping movement, with its emphasis on naturalistic and aesthetically pleasing tank layouts, further fueled the demand for Anubias due to its versatility and visual appeal.

Today, Anubias are among the most popular and widely cultivated aquarium plants in the world. Their slow growth rate, durability, and diverse leaf shapes and sizes have made them a staple in both beginner and advanced aquariums. New cultivars and hybrids continue to be developed, offering an ever-expanding array of options for aquarists to choose from. From the common Anubias barteri to the more specialized Anubias nana ‘Petite’, these plants continue to be a testament to the enduring appeal of African flora in the aquatic realm.

Plant Care Summary

Botanical Insights

Adaptations

Anubias plants have several remarkable adaptations that enable them to thrive in their native environments and as popular aquarium plants. One key adaptation is their ability to tolerate low light conditions. In their natural habitat, Anubias often grow under the canopy of dense forests, where sunlight is limited. Their leaves are adapted to efficiently capture the available light, allowing them to photosynthesize effectively even in dimly lit environments. This adaptation makes them ideal for aquariums with moderate to low lighting levels, where other plants may struggle to survive.

Another important adaptation is their rhizomatous growth habit. The rhizome is a horizontal, stem-like structure that grows along the substrate or attaches to rocks and driftwood. This adaptation allows Anubias to anchor themselves firmly in their environment, preventing them from being swept away by strong currents. The rhizome also serves as a storage organ for nutrients and energy, allowing the plant to survive periods of stress or nutrient deficiency. In addition, the rhizome allows the plant to spread and colonize new areas, forming dense clumps over time.

Anubias leaves are also highly adapted to aquatic environments. They are typically thick, leathery, and covered with a waxy cuticle, which helps to prevent water loss and protect the leaves from damage. The leaves also have a relatively low surface area to volume ratio, which reduces the risk of algal growth on their surfaces. Some species of Anubias also have air spaces within their leaves, which help to provide buoyancy and facilitate gas exchange.

Propagation Methods

Anubias are typically propagated through rhizome division. This involves cutting the rhizome into smaller pieces, each with several leaves and roots. The cut pieces can then be attached to rocks or driftwood using thread, glue, or other suitable materials. Over time, the rhizome will grow and produce new leaves and roots, eventually forming a new plant.

Another method of propagation is through seed germination, although this is less common and more challenging. Anubias seeds are relatively small and require specific conditions to germinate successfully. They typically need to be exposed to light and moisture, and the water should be kept clean and free of algae. Seed germination can be a slow process, and it may take several months for the seedlings to develop into mature plants.

In some cases, Anubias can also be propagated through leaf cuttings. This involves cutting a leaf from the plant and placing it in water or a moist substrate. Over time, the leaf may develop roots and eventually form a new plant. However, this method is not always successful, and it may take several months for the leaf cutting to root and grow.

Toxicology

Anubias plants contain calcium oxalate crystals, which are a common defense mechanism in many plant species. These crystals are sharp and needle-like, and they can cause irritation if ingested or come into contact with skin or mucous membranes.

In humans, ingestion of Anubias can cause oral irritation, including a burning sensation in the mouth and throat, swelling of the lips and tongue, and difficulty swallowing. The severity of the symptoms depends on the amount of plant material ingested and the individual’s sensitivity. In most cases, the symptoms are mild and self-limiting, resolving within a few hours. However, in rare cases, more severe symptoms may occur, such as difficulty breathing or vomiting.

In pets, such as cats and dogs, ingestion of Anubias can cause similar symptoms, including oral irritation, drooling, vomiting, and loss of appetite. The severity of the symptoms depends on the size of the animal and the amount of plant material ingested. In most cases, the symptoms are mild and self-limiting, but veterinary attention may be required if the animal is experiencing severe discomfort or difficulty breathing.

It is important to keep Anubias plants out of reach of children and pets to prevent accidental ingestion. If ingestion occurs, rinse the mouth thoroughly with water and seek medical or veterinary attention if necessary.

Common Problems

Pests:

• Snails
• Algae
• Aphids (if grown emersed)

Diseases:

• Rhizome rot
• Leaf spot

Other:

• Algae growth on leaves: Excessive light or nutrient imbalance.
• Yellowing leaves: Nutrient deficiency (especially potassium).
• Slow growth: Insufficient light or CO2.

Rarity & Value

Rarity:

Certain varieties of Anubias can be considered rare due to several factors. Slow growth is a major contributor, as it takes a considerable amount of time to produce a large number of plants. Difficult propagation methods can also limit availability. Additionally, some Anubias species have a limited natural habitat, making them less common in cultivation. High demand from collectors, especially for unusual or variegated forms, can further drive up their rarity. Unique variegation patterns can be particularly sought after.

Value:

The value of an Anubias specimen is influenced by several key factors. Size plays a role, with larger, more mature plants generally commanding higher prices. Variegation quality and stability are also significant determinants, as highly variegated and stable forms are more desirable. The maturity of the plant is important, as well-established plants are more likely to thrive. Current collector trends can also impact value, as demand for specific varieties can fluctuate over time. Provenance, or the plant’s origin and history, may also add to its value, particularly if it comes from a reputable source or has a unique background.