Begonia
Basic Information
Common Name: Begonia
Scientific Name: Begonia
Native Habitat: Tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, particularly in South America, Africa, and Asia.
History / Discovery / Cultivator
The genus *Begonia* boasts a rich history intertwined with botanical exploration and horticultural passion. Its story begins in the late 17th century when French botanist Charles Plumier, commissioned by the French crown, embarked on a botanical expedition to the West Indies. In 1690, while exploring the island of Hispaniola (modern-day Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Plumier encountered several novel plant species. Among these was a striking flower which he named *Begonia*, in honor of Michel Bégon, a prominent French official and patron of botany who organized the expedition.
Plumier’s discoveries were published in his book *Description des Plantes de l’Amérique* in 1693, marking the formal introduction of the genus *Begonia* to the scientific community. However, the plants Plumier described were not immediately available for cultivation in Europe. It wasn’t until later expeditions and further discoveries that begonias began to enter European gardens and collections.
The 18th and 19th centuries witnessed a surge in botanical exploration and a growing interest in exotic plants. Plant hunters ventured into the tropical regions of the world, bringing back new *Begonia* species. Notable figures like Allan Cunningham, working for Kew Gardens, collected begonias in Brazil. Others found species in Asia and Africa. As more species were collected, hybridization became common, leading to the vast array of cultivars we know today.
The development of tuberous begonias, with their large, showy flowers, marked a significant milestone. Breeding efforts in Europe, particularly in Belgium and England, led to the creation of numerous cultivars with improved flower size, color, and form. The development of Rex begonias, known for their striking foliage patterns, also contributed significantly to the popularity of the genus. These begonias were often hybridized to develop even more unusual leaf patterns.
Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, *Begonia* cultivation has continued to evolve. Modern breeding programs focus on developing disease-resistant cultivars with improved flowering characteristics and unique foliage. The genus has also become increasingly popular as houseplants, prized for their adaptability and diverse forms. Today, *Begonia* remains one of the most diverse and widely cultivated plant genera, a testament to its fascinating history and enduring appeal. The Begonia Society also promotes research, appreciation, and conservation of Begonias.
Plant Care Summary
| Category | General Requirement | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Light | Bright Indirect | Avoid direct sunlight, which can scorch leaves. |
| Water | Moderate | Allow the top inch of soil to dry out between waterings. Avoid overwatering. |
| Humidity | Moderate to High | Benefits from increased humidity, especially in dry environments. |
| Temp. Range | 60-75°F (15-24°C) | Avoid extreme temperature fluctuations. |
| Soil Type | Well-draining | Use a potting mix specifically formulated for begonias or African violets. |
| Fertilizer | Balanced liquid feed | Fertilize every 2-4 weeks during the growing season (spring/summer). |
| Toxicity | Toxic to Pets | Contains soluble calcium oxalates that can cause oral irritation and vomiting if ingested. |
Botanical Insights
Adaptations
Begonias exhibit various adaptations depending on their specific species and native environments. Many begonias, particularly those native to rainforests, possess broad leaves to efficiently capture sunlight in the shaded understory. Some species have adapted to drier conditions by developing thickened stems or rhizomes for water storage. Leaf textures vary widely, from smooth and waxy to hairy and textured, providing protection against herbivores or regulating transpiration. The wide range of leaf colors and patterns in Rex begonias can act as camouflage or a warning signal. Many begonias are epiphytes or lithophytes, growing on trees or rocks respectively, allowing them to access sunlight and nutrients in crowded tropical forests. Some begonias possess translucent leaf windows that allow light to penetrate to photosynthetic cells deep within the leaf tissue.
Propagation Methods
Begonias can be propagated through various methods, depending on the species. Stem cuttings are a common and relatively easy method for many types of begonias. Leaf cuttings are particularly effective for Rex begonias and some other foliage types; a leaf section can be placed on moist soil and will develop roots and new plantlets. Division is suitable for rhizomatous and tuberous begonias, separating the rhizome or tuber into sections, each with growing points. Seed propagation is possible, although it can be slow and the resulting plants may not be identical to the parent. Air layering can also be used but is less common.
Toxicology
Begonias contain soluble calcium oxalates, which are toxic to both humans and pets, particularly cats and dogs. If ingested, these oxalates can cause oral irritation, excessive drooling, vomiting, and difficulty swallowing. In severe cases, they can lead to kidney damage or, rarely, death. The severity of the reaction depends on the amount ingested and the size of the animal or person. It’s crucial to keep begonias out of reach of children and pets. If ingestion is suspected, it’s recommended to contact a veterinarian or medical professional immediately.
Common Problems
Pests:
- Mealybugs
- Spider mites
- Aphids
Diseases:
- Powdery mildew
- Botrytis blight (Gray mold)
- Root rot
Other:
- Leaf yellowing: Often caused by overwatering or nutrient deficiency.
- Browning tips: Often caused by low humidity or dry air.
- Leggy growth: Insufficient light can cause stems to become elongated and weak.
Rarity & Value
Rarity:
Begonia rarity is multifaceted. Some species are rare due to their limited natural habitat, making them vulnerable to habitat destruction. Difficult propagation or slow growth can also contribute to rarity, as it limits the availability of specimens. Specific variegation patterns, especially those that are stable and aesthetically pleasing, can also dramatically increase rarity and collector value. Additionally, newly discovered species, or those rediscovered after being thought extinct in the wild, are inherently rare.
Value:
The value of a Begonia specimen is influenced by several factors. Size and maturity play a role, with larger, well-established plants generally commanding higher prices. Variegation quality and stability are significant, with highly contrasted and consistently expressed variegation increasing value. Current collector trends and demand drive prices up for popular or sought-after cultivars. Provenance, or the plant’s known history and source, can also impact value, especially if the plant originates from a reputable breeder or collection. The overall health and aesthetic appeal of the plant are also crucial determinants of its market value.
