Basic Information

Common Name: Erysimum

Scientific Name: Erysimum

Native Habitat: Europe, Asia, North Africa

History / Discovery / Cultivator

Erysimum, commonly known as wallflowers, boasts a rich history intertwined with human civilization. Its name, derived from the Greek “eryomai,” meaning “to help or save,” alludes to the plant’s historical medicinal uses. Ancient herbalists believed that Erysimum species possessed properties that could alleviate ailments, particularly those related to respiratory issues.

The exact origins of the initial discovery and cultivation of Erysimum are shrouded in the mists of time. However, evidence suggests its presence in the Mediterranean region since antiquity. Its bright and fragrant blooms likely attracted the attention of early gardeners and herbalists, who began to cultivate it for both its aesthetic appeal and perceived medicinal benefits.

Throughout the Middle Ages, Erysimum continued to be valued for its medicinal properties. Monks in monastery gardens cultivated it alongside other herbs, documenting its uses in their pharmacopoeias. During the Renaissance, the plant experienced a resurgence in popularity, finding its way into the elaborate gardens of the aristocracy. Its vibrant colors and sweet fragrance made it a prized addition to these ornamental spaces.

The cultivation of Erysimum expanded beyond the Mediterranean region as explorers and botanists ventured into new territories. Species native to other parts of Europe, Asia, and North Africa were collected and introduced into cultivation. The development of new cultivars and hybrids further diversified the genus, resulting in a wide range of colors, forms, and flowering times.

In more recent times, the popularity of Erysimum has waxed and waned. However, its resilience, ease of cultivation, and long flowering period have ensured its continued presence in gardens worldwide. Modern plant breeders have focused on developing cultivars with improved hardiness, disease resistance, and a wider range of colors. Today, Erysimum remains a beloved plant for its ability to bring vibrant color and sweet fragrance to gardens and containers. Its adaptability makes it a good choice for xeriscaping.

While precise identification of a specific cultivator that popularized Erysimum is difficult, its widespread usage points towards a collective effort by horticulturalists throughout history.

Plant Care Summary

Botanical Insights

Adaptations

Erysimum plants exhibit several adaptations that contribute to their survival and success. Their ability to thrive in well-drained soils allows them to tolerate drought conditions, a common characteristic of their native Mediterranean habitats. The presence of fine hairs on their leaves helps to reduce water loss through transpiration, further enhancing their drought tolerance. Their bright flowers attract pollinators, ensuring successful reproduction. Some species are also adapted to withstand coastal conditions, exhibiting tolerance to salt spray and wind. The often sprawling growth habit of some varieties also makes them well suited to rocky outcrops or drier climates.

Propagation Methods

Erysimum can be propagated through several methods:

• Seed: Sow seeds in early spring or late summer.
• Stem Cuttings: Take stem cuttings in late spring or early summer.
• Division: Divide established plants in spring or fall.

Toxicology

While generally considered non-toxic, ingesting Erysimum can cause mild gastrointestinal irritation in humans. Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Similarly, if ingested by pets like cats and dogs, it can cause mild digestive upset and oral irritation. Contact with the sap can also cause mild skin irritation in some individuals. It’s always a good practice to keep plants out of reach of children and pets to prevent accidental ingestion.

Common Problems

Pests:

• Aphids
• Flea beetles
• Slugs

Diseases:

• Root rot (due to overwatering)
• Downy mildew
• White rust

Other:

• Leggy growth: Insufficient sunlight.
• Yellowing leaves: Overwatering or nutrient deficiency.
• Poor flowering: Lack of sunlight or improper fertilization.

Rarity & Value

Rarity:

While certain Erysimum varieties may be more common than others, some can be considered less common. This rarity may be due to their limited natural habitat, the difficulty in propagating them, or the specific characteristics (such as unique flower color or variegation) that make them highly sought after by collectors. Slow growth rates can also impact the availability of larger, more mature specimens.

Value:

Several factors contribute to the market value of Erysimum plants. Less common cultivars or those with unique color patterns or flower forms often command higher prices. The size and maturity of the plant also play a role, with larger, well-established plants generally being more valuable. Additionally, current trends in the horticulture world can influence demand and thus, the price of specific varieties.